English as a Non-Phonetic Language
Like we all know, the English alphabet has 26 letters. These 26 letters can make 44 different sounds or phonemes – 20 sounds come from the vowels a, e, i, o and u; and 24 sounds come from the remaining 21 consonants. A phoneme is the smallest unit of sound that can change the meaning of a word.
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Without Jumping to Conclusions
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If we consider sounds made simply by the letter 'a' for instance, in the word 'apple' – it's /ae/, in 'car' – it's /a:/, in amount – it's /a/, and so on. This, consequently, makes English a non-phonetic language, which means that the pronunciation of a word is not dependent on its spelling. Now in order to pronounce a word correctly, we need to get three factors in it right - vowel sounds, consonant sounds and syllable stress. In this post, we will explore these three factors in more detail.
This post was written by our TEFL certification graduate Lindsay S.
The Vowel Sounds
Technically, a vowel sound is a sound produced with no obstruction to the airflow. This implies that when this type of sound is made, the air should flow freely from the mouth – it should not be blocked by the teeth, tongue, lips, etc. These sounds are divided and sub-divided into two categories - monophthongs (single sounds) and diphthongs (two sounds); furthermore, short sounds and long sounds.
When we teach these sounds to learners, it's important to focus on the lip positions, jaw positions, tongue in mouth positions, and brevity. Diphthongs are typically a combination of two monophthongs. When these sounds are taught, it's essential to point out movement of lip, jaw and tongue positions as one sound merges with another and transitions into a new one. For example, with the diphthong /oi/ (as in 'oil') the jaw moves from a wide-open to a slightly open position, while the lips move from a rounded to a slightly spread position. This positioning is crucial to getting the sound right.
Also read: Great Ideas for Teaching Listening Skills in the ESL Classroom
The Consonant Sounds
Again technically, a consonant sound is a sound produced with an obstruction to the airflow. This indicates that as the sound is being produced in the mouth, it is blocked or obstructed by one of our articulators or organs of speech. These sounds can be of two types – voiceless (without volume or vibration) and voiced (with volume and vibration). When teaching consonant sounds, the instructor must first introduce the articulators to the students. These include the obvious organs such as the lips, tongue, nose, etc. and the less apparent ones like the alveolar ridge, hard palate, soft palate, etc.
Pairs of consonant sounds are then taught by pointing out the place of obstruction – at which articular(s) the sound is obstructed, and manner – voiced or voiceless. Consonant sounds are split into seven classifications – plosives (sounds produced with a sudden expulsion of air), fricatives (sounds produced with a slow release of air), affricates (sounds that start with a friction followed by a slow release of air), nasals (sounds produced by releasing air from the nose), semi-vowels (sounds for which you go for an obstruction, but there is none), laterals (sounds for which the air flows from the sides of the tongue), and glottals (sounds for which air is obstructed at the vocal tract).
Also read: 7 Alternatives to Boring English Worksheets
Syllable Stress
A syllable is a vowel sound. When a word is broken up into the number vowel sounds in it, this constitutes the number of syllables. When teaching syllable stress, we should cover three things – how to stress on a syllable, the rules for syllable stress, and how to identify which syllable to stress on when consulting a dictionary (this can be helpful for words that don't fall under any of the rules). Once this is covered, additional learning can include stress shift – for words that can be used as nouns, adjectives or verbs; and for words of the same origin (like advertise, advertisement, advertising, etc.).
Also read: 3 Steps For Dealing With a Student With Challenging Behavior
Without Jumping to Conclusions
Learning phonetics is a more thorough and long-term approach to improving one's pronunciation. Some alternative, simpler remedies that can help students include focus on pace control, exercises like recording a student speaking and playing it back to them - to help them identify errors and corrections themselves, correction of commonly mispronounced sounds, etc.
At the end of the day, whatever approach the student or teacher decides on, improvement of pronunciation in English has by and large become a key life skill. In the words of American author William Feather,
'command of English, spoken or written, ranks at the top in business. Our main product is words, so a knowledge of their meaning and spelling and pronunciation is imperative. If a man knows the language well, he can find out about all else'.
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